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Entry 35Filed under Breeding

What Does China Feed Its Farmed Fish?

China has no single fish-feed recipe: documented diets include plant meals, grains and fish-derived ingredients, with feed choices varying by species and farming system.
4-minute read By Animalso Team

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China’s farmed fish do not all eat one standard diet. Feed varies by species, life stage, farming system, ingredient availability and cost. It can include plant meals and grains, fishmeal and fish oil, other animal-derived ingredients, formulated pellets, farm-made feed or, in some systems, low-value fish fed directly.

What ingredients go into fish feed in China?

Documented ingredient families include soybean products, peanut and rapeseed meals, cottonseed meal, wheat, corn and rice by-products. Animal-derived ingredients reported in Chinese aquaculture include fishmeal, fish oil, low-value fish, silkworm-pupae meal and other animal by-products. Compound feeds may also contain vitamins, minerals, binders and other additives. These are ingredients described in published accounts, not a current ranking of what Chinese farms use most.

Feed is formulated to meet an animal’s nutritional needs using available ingredients; a label naming one ingredient does not describe the whole ration. Nutrient adequacy, digestibility, ingredient quality, safety and sourcing all matter. FAO’s reference on feed ingredients for farmed aquatic animals explains these considerations.

Why do diets differ by fish and farming system?

Species with different feeding habits do not necessarily need the same feed. A historical FAO review of Chinese aquaculture describes higher fishmeal and comparatively lower plant-ingredient levels in feeds for carnivorous fish, while its account of shrimp feeds lists combinations of fishmeal, soybean meal, peanut meal, shrimp meal and wheat meal. These are patterns reported in a 2007 technical chapter, not verified current market averages.

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Farming method also affects how feed is delivered. The same review describes some marine fish raised in cages being fed mainly low-value fish, while other species and systems use commercial feeds, farm-made feeds or a combination. Ponds and indoor flow-through or recirculating systems may have different practices. Fry, juveniles and grow-out fish can have different requirements, too. The review’s example formulas—for turbot, flounder, red sea bream and Pacific white shrimp—are useful illustrations of that variation, not recipes to assume are used across farms today. FAO’s China aquaculture feed chapter provides the historical examples.

An older FAO account of integrated fish farming in China describes pellet feeds alongside natural fodder in some systems, and gives examples for grass carp and black carp. It also emphasizes matching formulas to species and developmental stage. Those descriptions are historical and specific to the systems covered, not a picture of every Chinese farm now. FAO’s account of integrated fish farming in China gives further context.

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Do farmed fish in China eat other fish?

Sometimes. Low-value fish may be fed directly in some systems; other fish are processed into fishmeal and fish oil that can become feed ingredients. That does not mean all farmed fish are fed whole fish, or that fish-derived ingredients make up the same share of every ration.

A 2020 study by Zhang and coauthors estimated that low-value “feed-grade fish” made up half of trawler catch—3 million metric tons—or 35% of total catch—4.6 million metric tons—in the study’s stated China exclusive economic zone catch context. The authors report that these fish were used directly as aquaculture feed or indirectly after processing into fishmeal and fish oil. These are estimates about catch in that context, not a current annual feed quantity or a farm-level percentage of fish receiving such feed. The study, “Fishing for feed in China: Facts, impacts and implications,” describes its findings and scope.

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What recent figures and policy say—and do not say

The China Feed Industry Association reported industrial aquatic feed production of 22.620 million tonnes in China in 2024, down 3.5% from 2023. This measures industrial feed output; it does not specify ingredient shares by species and does not necessarily include all feed used on farms, such as farm-made rations. The association’s 2024 industry overview reports the figure.

At a State Council Information Office press conference on February 2, 2024, Chen Bangxun called soybean meal “an important protein source for feed.” The official transcript says China’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs launched a three-year action plan in 2023 to reduce and substitute soybean meal in animal feed, including fish breeding. That is a policy direction, not evidence that soybean meal has been eliminated from fish feed. The press-conference transcript provides the statement and plan context.

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What can be said about the mix in a typical Chinese fish feed?

The available sources do not establish a latest, nationally representative percentage breakdown of soybean meal, fishmeal, grains or other ingredients in commercial Chinese feed by species. The detailed China-specific formulas cited above are historical. A precise current national recipe, the current share of farms feeding low-value fish, or a claim that all Chinese farmed fish receive pellets would go beyond what these sources establish.

The reliable picture is a varied one: plant ingredients are part of documented feeds, fish-derived ingredients remain relevant, and the balance and feed form depend on what is being raised and how. The 2024 industrial output figure shows the scale of the feed sector, but cannot by itself reveal what any particular fish ate.

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