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What the 140-lake figure measures
The ALSC surveyed 1,469 Adirondack lakes between 1984 and 1987. Historical information was adequate to evaluate trends in 858 of them; the ALSC executive summary says 140 of that historical subset had apparently lost at least one fish population as a result of acidification. ALSC executive summary
The figure describes apparent losses of populations, not necessarily the disappearance of every fish from each lake. It also is not a present-day census of fishless lakes, nor a total count of fish populations lost: one lake could have lost one or more species.
How the estimate compares with the 1993 analysis
A peer-reviewed 1993 analysis estimated that 16–19% of lakes with adequate historical data appeared to have lost one or more fish populations because of acidification. The authors cautioned that the exact number and proportion could not be established because historical records varied in quantity and quality. Lakes with enough information for comparison also tended to be larger, deeper, and higher in pH than Adirondack lakes overall, so the analysis may underrepresent communities most adversely affected. Baker et al., 1993
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Which fish populations were most affected?
The losses were not evenly distributed among species. In the 1993 analysis, brook trout populations were apparently lost from 11% of lakes with confirmed historical occurrence; acid-sensitive minnow populations were apparently lost from 19% of lakes where they had been confirmed. The ALSC summary separately reports 44 lakes with apparent acidification-related brook trout losses—11% of surveyed lakes where brook trout had been caught before 1970. Baker et al., 1993 ALSC executive summary
The same analysis found little to no documented adverse effect on bass and brown trout. Those species tend to occur in larger, lower-elevation lakes. Lakes classified as having losses tended to be at higher elevations, with lower pH and, in most cases, higher estimated inorganic aluminum than lakes where the species remained. These are patterns and associations in the study, not proof that every recorded disappearance had one identical cause.
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How acidification can harm fish
New York State’s Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) explains that acid deposition forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides combine with atmospheric moisture. Acidified water can disrupt aquatic organisms’ reproductive cycles; aluminum leached from soil can change water chemistry and clog fish gills. NYSDEC: Acid Rain
The historical analysis found that lakes with apparent losses tended to have lower pH and usually higher estimated inorganic aluminum. That evidence supports a relationship between acidification and fish-population losses, but imperfect historical records mean an apparent absence in the record is not always proof that every fish had vanished.
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Have affected Adirondack lakes recovered?
Some documented lakes have recovered enough to support brook trout. Brooktrout Lake, thought to be fishless by the mid-1980s, has improved enough to support a self-sustaining population, according to DEC. DEC also reported a self-sustaining brook trout population in Lake Colden in 2019. ALSC surveys had caught no fish there in 1987, 2004, or 2011; the agency attributed the recovery to improved water quality associated with reduced acidifying pollution. NYSDEC, October 7, 2019
Those individual examples do not establish that all affected lakes have recovered. A USGS summary of fish and water-chemistry observations in 43 Adirondack Long-Term Monitoring lakes from 1984 to 2012 found significant improvement in mean acid-neutralizing capacity and declining inorganic monomeric aluminum. Across those same monitored lakes, mean fish-species richness and reported fish-catch measures did not change significantly. USGS study summary
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DEC reports that statewide sulfate deposition has fallen by more than 75% since the state monitoring program began, and that lake chemistry continues to be monitored through the Adirondack Long Term Monitoring program. The deposition figure is statewide; it is not a measure of how many Adirondack lakes or fish populations have recovered. NYSDEC: Acid Rain
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