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Wild Orangutan Rakus Seen Treating His Wound With a Medicinal Plant in a First Documented Case

Rakus, a wild Sumatran orangutan, repeatedly applied chewed Akar Kuning leaves and juice to a facial wound in the first documented case of a wild great ape treating an open wound with a biologically active plant.

By Animalso Team 4 min read
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Yes. In June 2022, researchers watched Rakus, a wild adult male Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii), repeatedly put chewed leaves and plant juice on a facial wound. The plant, Akar Kuning (Fibraurea tinctoria), has reported medicinal properties. His wound closed within five days, but this single observation does not prove that the plant caused the healing.

What Rakus did

Researchers at the Suaq Balimbing research area in Gunung Leuser National Park, South Aceh, Indonesia, first recorded a fresh facial wound on 22 June 2022. Three days later, on 25 June, Rakus selectively detached leaves from a liana known locally as Akar Kuning.

  1. He chewed the leaves without swallowing them.
  2. He used his fingers to spread the resulting juice over the facial wound.
  3. He repeated the application for about seven minutes.
  4. He finished by smearing chewed leaf pulp over the wound, covering it completely.

Field notes record that he began applying the juice 13 minutes after feeding on the liana. The wound was closed by 30 June, five days after treatment, and was barely visible by 25 August. Researchers saw no signs of infection. Those observations show the sequence and outcome, not that the plant caused the recovery.

Why scientists call it a first

The 2024 Scientific Reports paper describes this as the first systematic documentation, to the authors’ knowledge, of a wild great ape actively treating an open wound with a known biologically active plant substance. A Nature science-news report characterized it as the first scientific record of a wild animal healing a wound with a plant known to have medicinal properties.

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That wording matters. It means “first documented case” or “first systematic report,” not proof that no animal had ever performed anything similar. Earlier observations include animals ingesting plants in ways associated with parasites or digestive problems, Bornean orangutans rubbing plant material on their bodies, and wild chimpanzees applying insects to wounds. Rakus’s behavior is unusual because he applied a biologically active plant directly to an open wound.

What plant did he use?

Akar Kuning is the common name used locally for the liana Fibraurea tinctoria. The species is used in Southeast Asian traditional medicine and is reported to contain furanoditerpenoids and protoberberine alkaloids.

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The paper reports that compounds associated with the plant have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant and analgesic activities—properties that could make wound treatment biologically plausible. They do not establish a clinical dose, show that Rakus absorbed an effective amount, or demonstrate that the plant was responsible for his healing. Researchers photographed the plant and identified it against a local herbarium, but permit restrictions prevented them from collecting a physical specimen.

How strong is the evidence that it was intentional?

Intent cannot be proved from one field observation, but several details support a goal-directed interpretation:

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  • Rakus selected the liana rather than merely brushing against it.
  • He applied the material to the right facial wound, the only injury researchers recorded.
  • He repeated the juice application instead of stopping after one contact.
  • He placed chewed pulp over the wound as a final covering.

The researchers also considered alternatives. Contact with the plant might have happened accidentally; the juice may have provided immediate pain relief without any healing purpose; and the behavior could have been learned socially rather than invented by Rakus. Associated Press quoted Emory biologist Jacobus de Roode calling it “a single observation,” while noting that new behaviors can begin with one observation.

How the observation was recorded

The Suaq team follows orangutans with standardized two-minute activity scans and detailed all-occurrence notes. The wound treatment was recorded in field notes, but no photograph or video captured the treatment itself. That makes the written sequence important while leaving independent visual confirmation unavailable.

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The team’s long-term record also provides context: across 28,000 observation hours collected over 21 years at Suaq, researchers did not see another orangutan use Fibraurea tinctoria to treat a wound. This is a statement about the research record, not a population-wide prevalence estimate.

How Rakus’s behavior compares with earlier animal self-medication reports

Reported behavior Material Target Setting Number of observations Healing evidence Evidence of intentionality
Rakus treating his facial wound Plant juice and chewed leaves Open wound Wild One documented event Wound closed in five days; plant effect not established Selective, repeated application and final covering support an intentional interpretation
Wild chimpanzees applying insects Insects Wounds Wild Not stated in the supplied account Not established Direct wound application is suggestive, but motivation remains debated
Bornean orangutans rubbing plant material Plant material Skin or body Wild Not stated in the supplied account Not established Does not show treatment of an open wound
Animals ingesting plants for parasites or digestive problems Ingested plants Digestive system Wild Not stated in the supplied account Not directly comparable to wound healing Often interpreted as self-medication, but the target and route differ
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What the study cannot yet tell us

  • Whether Fibraurea tinctoria caused faster healing or prevented infection.
  • Whether Rakus knew the plant’s medicinal effect or discovered it through trial and error.
  • Whether other orangutans at Suaq perform the same behavior but have not yet been observed doing so.
  • Whether the behavior is individually invented, socially learned, or a combination of both.
  • What quantity, preparation or chemical dose would be effective for an orangutan wound.

Suaq is home to approximately 150 critically endangered Sumatran orangutans, so a rare behavior could remain undocumented even in a heavily studied population. More observations would be needed to separate a one-off innovation from a shared tradition and to test whether the plant has measurable wound-healing effects.

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Why Rakus’s case matters

The observation extends the evidence for self-medication in our closest living relatives. It links three behaviors in one sequence—selecting a biologically active plant, preparing it, and placing it on an injury—rather than merely eating a plant or rubbing material on the body. That makes Rakus’s actions a testable clue about how wound care and medicinal behavior might have evolved in great apes.

The scientifically careful conclusion is narrower than “an orangutan discovered medicine.” One wild orangutan, on one recorded occasion, deliberately appeared to treat a facial wound with Akar Kuning. The wound healed afterward, but the observation alone cannot establish why.

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