Yes—but the surge is local, not evidence that Sumatra’s entire tiger population suddenly tripled. Infrared-camera surveys in Aceh’s northern Leuser Ecosystem produced 282 sufficiently clear tiger images and identified 27 individuals: 14 females, 12 males and one of unknown sex. The image total was nearly three times higher than results from earlier 90-day surveys at other Sumatran sites. The 27 tigers are a minimum count for the surveyed landscape and periods, not an island-wide total.
What the cameras found
The findings come from a 2025 report in Frontiers in Conservation Science. The report says each tiger’s stripe pattern was used to distinguish individuals rather than counting every photograph as a separate animal.
- 282 images were clear enough for analysis.
- 27 individual tigers were identified.
- The identified animals included 14 females, 12 males and one tiger whose sex could not be determined.
- Three sets of cubs were documented during the 2023 monitoring session.
The report described the local population as robust and apparently among the healthiest on Sumatra. Cubs and a high proportion of identified females are encouraging signs of reproduction, although a few months of photographs cannot measure long-term survival or population growth by themselves.
Where and when the surveys ran
The work covered the northern Leuser Ecosystem in Aceh, Indonesia. Camera coverage expanded across three deployments:
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| Deployment period | Cameras | What it represents |
|---|---|---|
| March–May 2023 | 34 | Initial survey period |
| June–December 2023 | 59 | Expanded 2023 monitoring; three cub groups were recorded during the study’s six-month session |
| May–November 2024 | 74 | Further expansion of coverage |
Because camera numbers and deployment windows changed, the image total should be read as the output of a multi-period survey effort, not as a simple year-to-year count.
How large is the “surge”?
The report says the cameras produced nearly three times as many tiger images as previous 90-day surveys at other Sumatran sites. That is a striking survey result, but raw image totals are not population estimates. A meaningful comparison must account for:
- the number of cameras operating;
- the number of active camera-trap days;
- survey duration and seasonal timing;
- forest type and the amount of habitat sampled;
- prey availability and protection from poaching; and
- whether reports present photographs, unique animals, occupancy or a density estimate.
A tiger can trigger multiple cameras and appear repeatedly over several days. Conversely, an animal may pass outside the camera grid and go undetected. Stripe-pattern identification reduces duplicate counting, but it cannot turn one landscape survey into a census of the island.
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Does this mean Sumatran tigers are making a comeback?
It is better described as a strong local conservation signal. The Leuser results show that a substantial breeding population persists where suitable forest, prey and protection remain available. They do not establish a confirmed recovery across all of Sumatra.
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Why the Leuser landscape may be supporting tigers
The study links the local result to several conditions working together:
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- remaining lowland and hill forest;
- enough prey to sustain resident tigers;
- ranger patrols that deter illegal activity; and
- cooperation with Acehnese and Gayo communities.
Those factors also explain why results can differ sharply between nearby landscapes. A camera grid in intact, patrolled forest samples a different risk and habitat environment from one in fragmented forest with heavy snaring.
How this compares with other Sumatran camera-trap work
Other projects provide useful context, but their results are not directly interchangeable with the Leuser image count.
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| Landscape and source | Reported finding | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|
| Northern Leuser Ecosystem, Aceh (Frontiers in Conservation Science, 2025) | 282 clear images; 27 identified tigers | Individual identification from a multi-period survey |
| Bukit Tigapuluh (WWF-Indonesia annual report, 2023) | At least nine adults and two cubs | Result after three years of collaborative camera trapping; one tiger also had a snare wound |
| Rimbang Baling (WWF-Indonesia field report, 2015) | 3,262 active camera-trap days at 104 deployment points | An effort figure, not a directly comparable tiger count |
The differences in effort, timing, habitat and reporting units are why “more photographs” does not automatically mean “more tigers.”
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What long-term monitoring can reveal
Dr Joe Figel, one of the Leuser study’s researchers, stressed that multi-year camera trapping is needed to estimate demographic measures such as survival, recruitment, territory tenure and population growth rate. Repeated surveys can show whether cubs survive, whether adults remain in the same territories and whether new animals are entering the population.
Camera-trap studies estimate population size and distribution, study habitat use and identify corridors that need protection. Those analyses require a planned camera layout, repeated sampling and statistical treatment of detections and non-detections—not simply placing a few cameras and adding up photographs.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Why a high detection rate does not remove the danger
A separate Scientific Reports assessment of Ulu Masen documented six tiger-snaring incidents between 2008 and 2023 in or within 100 kilometres of its study area. The Bukit Tigapuluh report likewise noted a snare injury on one photographed tiger. Such records show that even productive habitat remains dangerous.
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Protecting connected forest, maintaining prey populations, removing snares and sustaining ranger and community programmes are necessary if the Leuser signal is to become a durable recovery rather than a temporary pocket of abundance.
Can you use a wildlife infrared camera trap?
A wildlife infrared camera trap is the appropriate equipment for educational observation or field monitoring. It can record animals without a photographer being present and can help document where wildlife travels. However, a few consumer cameras cannot produce a professional tiger-density estimate. That requires a study design, enough cameras and deployment days, repeated sampling, individual identification and specialist analysis.
Anyone deploying a camera in tiger habitat should follow local access rules, avoid disturbing wildlife, protect sensitive location data and coordinate with conservation authorities where required. The value of a camera comes from a well-designed monitoring question, not from the number of clips it stores.
What would demonstrate island-wide recovery?
A credible recovery claim would require consistent, multi-year evidence from multiple Sumatran landscapes: stable or rising numbers of individually identified tigers, evidence that cubs survive into adulthood, reliable estimates of survival and recruitment, and documented reductions in habitat loss and snaring. The Leuser survey supplies an encouraging piece of that picture, but not all of it.
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Camera traps really did record an unusually large number of Sumatran tiger detections in northern Leuser: 282 clear images representing 27 identified animals, including three cub groups. The result indicates a locally healthy, breeding population supported by forest, prey, patrols and community cooperation. It is not proof that the whole island’s tiger population has tripled, and the species remains critically endangered.
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