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Breeding

Do Fishermen Let Fish Go? Why Fish Are Released and How to Improve Survival

Fishermen release fish voluntarily and when regulations require it. Here is why fish are let go, what threatens their survival, and how to release them more safely.

By Animalso Team 4 min read
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Yes. Fishermen often return fish to the water, either by choice or because regulations require it. Fish may be released when they are undersized, out of season, over a catch or possession limit, protected, or unwanted. Commercial fishing also produces discards when a catch cannot be sold or legally retained.

Letting a fish go does not guarantee that it survives. Injury, exhaustion, air exposure, temperature changes, pressure damage and predators can cause immediate or delayed death.

Why do fishermen release fish?

Voluntary catch-and-release

In recreational catch-and-release fishing, an angler returns a fish immediately rather than keeping it. People may release a fish because they want to conserve the population, prefer not to eat it, are fishing for sport, or have no need for a meal. The decision can depend on the species, size, food value, household food supply and personal conservation concerns.

Release required by fishing rules

Regulations commonly require immediate release when a fish is below or above a legal size range, caught during a closed season, over the daily catch or possession limit, or belongs to a protected species. Some waters are designated catch-and-release only. Rules vary by species and jurisdiction, so anglers must check the current regulations for the specific waterbody.

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For example, Ontario regulations require non-commercial fishers to return prohibited fish immediately and, if the fish is alive, release it in a way that causes the least harm. Ontario also states that targeting a species during its closed season is unlawful even when the angler intends to release it.

Commercial discards

Commercial vessels may release or discard fish that are not wanted, cannot be sold, fall outside market specifications, are caught with the wrong gear, or cannot legally be retained. These fish are often called bycatch or regulatory discards. Release is therefore not limited to recreational anglers.

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Voluntary release, mandatory release and commercial discards

Type of release Why the fish is released Typical fishery Main concern
Voluntary catch-and-release The angler chooses conservation, sport or personal preference. Recreational Survival depends heavily on hook placement, handling, air exposure, water temperature and depth.
Mandatory regulatory release Law requires release because of size, season, limits or species protection. Recreational or commercial The fisher may have little choice, but must still use the least harmful legal method.
Commercial discard or bycatch release The catch is unwanted, unsellable or illegal to retain. Commercial Capture methods, time out of water and repeated capture can produce substantial discard mortality.

Do released fish survive?

Some do, but release is not harmless by definition. NOAA Fisheries describes deaths after release as “discard and release mortality.” A fish can die immediately from severe injury or predation, or later from stress, infection or internal damage that is not obvious when it swims away.

What causes release mortality?

  • Hook injury: Deep-hooked fish may suffer damage to the throat, gills or internal organs.
  • Exhaustion: A long fight can leave a fish unable to recover from exertion.
  • Air exposure and handling: Dry hands, rough surfaces, pressure on the body or contact with the eyes and gills can remove protective mucus or damage tissue.
  • Temperature stress: Moving a fish between water and air, or releasing it into markedly different conditions, adds physiological stress.
  • Predation: A weakened fish may be easy prey before it regains normal swimming ability.
  • Pressure change: Fish brought rapidly from deep water can suffer barotrauma, including bulging eyes, a protruding stomach, bloating and poor control of their buoyancy.

What does the available mortality figure mean?

An Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry summary of literature reviewed in 2003 reported average catch-and-release mortality of 16.2% across 118 studies involving more than 120,000 fish. That is a cross-study average, not a fixed rate for every species, location or fishing method. Mortality changes with water conditions, depth, hook placement, fight duration, handling and species.

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How to release a fish more safely

Good technique cannot eliminate all risk, but it can reduce avoidable injury. NOAA Fisheries recommends the following approach:

  1. Choose release-oriented tackle. Use circle hooks where appropriate, or barbless hooks and hooks with crimped barbs. Match tackle to the target species so the fish can be landed promptly.
  2. Prepare before landing. Have pliers or a dehooker, a suitable landing net and any required measuring equipment ready. Avoid unnecessary photographs or delays.
  3. Keep the fish in the water. Handle it as little as possible. If it must leave the water, keep total air exposure below 60 seconds.
  4. Wet your hands first. Support the fish’s entire body, avoid the eyes and gills, and do not squeeze the abdomen or suspend a heavy fish vertically by the jaw.
  5. Remove the hook carefully. If a hook is deeply embedded and removal would cause major damage, follow local rules about cutting the line or leaving the hook in place.
  6. Account for barotrauma. For deep-water fish showing pressure injury, use a descending device, release weight or release basket to return the fish to depth. Do not puncture the swim bladder unless a trained authority specifically directs that method for the fishery.
  7. Resuscitate a tired fish. Hold it upright in the water and allow water to flow over the gills without pushing it backward. Release it only when it can swim away strongly.

When is releasing a fish required?

The exact answer depends on the jurisdiction, species and date. Before fishing, check the current rule book or official online regulations for:

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  • Minimum and maximum size limits
  • Open and closed seasons
  • Daily catch and possession limits
  • Protected species and prohibited areas
  • Gear restrictions, including hook requirements
  • Special catch-and-release-only waters

Keep a fish only when the current local rules allow it and you intend to use it. If a fish is prohibited, return it immediately and in the least harmful manner required by local law.

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Does catch-and-release count as cruelty?

Catch-and-release causes stress and can cause injury, so it should not be described as risk-free. Its welfare impact depends on how the fish is caught, handled and returned, as well as on species and environmental conditions. Following release practices that reduce hook damage, air exposure, handling and pressure injury gives the fish a better chance of surviving than careless release.

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  • No need to have to set release depth just attach the fish and send them down. Fish can swim free once recovered or if threatened by predators, minimizing mouth damage and predation.

In short, fishermen do let fish go—but the outcome depends on whether release is voluntary or required, how the fish was captured, and what happens during the first moments back in the water.

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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