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Breeding

How Does Commercial Fishing Affect Marine Life?

Commercial fishing affects marine life through target removals, bycatch, food-web changes, and damage from some gear. The risks depend on the fishery and how it is managed.

By Animalso Team 3 min read
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Commercial fishing affects marine life in four main ways: it removes targeted animals, unintentionally catches other species, can alter food webs, and—when certain gear contacts the seafloor—can damage habitats. The effects are not the same in every fishery: they depend on the species, gear, location, fishing practices, and management.

How fishing affects marine life

Removing target species

Fishing removes animals from populations. When a fishery takes large numbers of a species, it can contribute to overfishing or make rebuilding a depleted stock harder. The consequences can extend beyond that species: removing important predators or prey can change predator-prey relationships and ecosystem structure. NOAA notes that fishing-related removal of key reef predators can disrupt reef food webs (NOAA Fisheries on bycatch; NOAA on coral reefs).

Bycatch: animals caught unintentionally

Bycatch is not limited to unwanted fish. NOAA Fisheries defines it as “discarded catch of marine species and unobserved mortality due to a direct encounter with fishing vessels and gear” (NOAA Fisheries’ definition of bycatch). Depending on the fishery, it can include marine mammals, sea turtles, seabirds, non-target fish, and habitat-forming corals and sponges. Animals released or discarded after capture may be injured or die; capture alone does not establish that an animal survives.

Bycatch can add pressure to vulnerable or protected populations, slow the rebuilding of fish stocks, and change the availability of predators and prey. When corals or sponges are caught, the loss can also affect habitat used by other marine life.

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Damage to habitats

Some fishing gear can physically harm the places marine animals live. NOAA identifies coral reefs, seagrass beds, and other marine habitats as vulnerable to damage from certain gear (NOAA on coral reefs). The risk depends on the gear and whether it contacts habitat; it is not accurate to assume that every fishery or gear type has the same footprint.

Why impacts differ from one fishery to another

“Commercial fishing” covers many fisheries, not one uniform activity. A useful assessment asks what is being caught, what else encounters the gear, how animals fare after release, and how the fishery is monitored and managed.

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  • Target and non-target species: Which animals the fishery intends to catch, which others it catches, and how vulnerable or protected those species are.
  • Gear and habitat contact: Whether the gear interacts with seabirds, mammals, turtles, coral, seagrass, or other bottom habitats. NOAA describes incidental capture involving both mobile and fixed gear; the risks and possible remedies are fishery-specific (NOAA Fisheries on bycatch).
  • Fate after capture: Whether animals are retained, discarded, or released, and what is known about injury and survival.
  • Monitoring and rules: Whether observers, electronic monitoring, logbooks, surveys, gear changes, closures, and fishery-specific rules help measure or reduce unwanted interactions.
  • Place and time: Impacts and regulations vary by ecosystem, fishery, and jurisdiction. A local or historical figure should not be treated as a global or current estimate.

What monitoring and management can do

Monitoring helps reveal impacts that would otherwise be missed. Observer programs, electronic technologies, logbooks, and surveys can document bycatch. This matters because conventional fisheries statistics have classically focused on landed catch; discarded bycatch is often absent from those reports (FAO on bycatch and fisheries statistics).

NOAA describes selective gear, modified fishing practices, monitoring, and fishery-specific rules as ways to reduce bycatch and interactions with protected species (NOAA Fisheries on bycatch; NOAA on the Marine Mammal Protection Act). Stock assessments use fishing information and scientific observations to describe stock status and project how stocks may respond to management (NOAA on fishery stock assessments). These approaches can address identified risks and improve the information available; none should be taken as a guarantee that impacts are eliminated across all fisheries.

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Examples of reported changes in bycatch

NOAA Fisheries reports that dolphin bycatch in the yellowfin tuna fishery fell by more than 99%, attributing the reduction to the Marine Mammal Protection Act and subsequent domestic and international agreements (NOAA Fisheries’ bycatch page). This is a result for that fishery, not a claim about all tuna fisheries or commercial fishing overall.

The same NOAA page reports 6,353 seabirds caught as bycatch in Alaska longline fisheries in 2005 and 3,712 in 2010. Those are counts for the named years and fishery, not a current annual estimate or a global total (NOAA Fisheries’ bycatch page).

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What is not captured by a single global figure

There is no one global estimate established here that summarizes all commercial fishing’s marine-life mortality and habitat damage. Landed-catch figures alone can also miss discarded bycatch. The evidence supports describing the mechanisms and evaluating particular fisheries, but not treating one local statistic, gear type, or seafood label as a measure or guarantee of overall ecological impact.

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Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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