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The fall 2021 survey counted 174 Devils Hole pupfish. That is an observed survey count, not a precise census of every fish present throughout the year.
What the 2021 count means
The figure of 174 comes from a 2023 Desert Fishes Council proceedings abstract, which reported that the fall 2022 count of 263 was 51% higher than the fall 2021 count. The proceedings therefore provide the 2021 number through a year-to-year comparison, rather than as a standalone U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service press-release figure. Desert Fishes Council proceedings
It answers how many pupfish were counted in the fall survey—not how many were present on every day of 2021. Survey counts estimate observable fish, and counts from different seasons are not directly interchangeable.
How researchers count Devils Hole pupfish
Observers combine counts from two parts of the habitat: divers observe fish in the cavern, while observers at the surface count fish on the shallow shelf. The resulting figure is an estimate of observable pupfish, not confirmation that every individual was seen. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: 2022 fall count
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How the 2021 count compares
| Survey | Observable fish counted | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Fall 2021 | 174 | Reported in the 2023 Desert Fishes Council proceedings as the prior fall’s count. |
| Fall 2022 | 263 | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service count; the proceedings described this as 51% above fall 2021. |
| Spring 2022 | 175 | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service seasonal count; not a direct comparison with the fall surveys. |
Fall counts are typically higher than spring counts. The agency attributes the seasonal pattern to increased food resources after summer sunlight, so comparisons are most useful when they match the season. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: 2022 spring count
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Why the 2021 survey was notable
The 2021 survey was the first standardized count since fall 2019, after a pandemic-related disruption to monitoring. The Desert Fishes Council proceedings said a September 2021 survey was scheduled. Long-term counts help researchers track changes in this small, highly localized population; as Death Valley National Park Aquatic Ecologist Kevin Wilson put it, “recent high spring and fall counts show the importance of maintaining long-term data as we work to find out what’s changed.” Desert Fishes Council proceedings
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