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Our World in Data’s 2026 comparison estimates about 760,000 deaths associated with mosquitoes, about 100,000 with snakes, and about 40,000 with dogs in its 2023 estimate set. It estimates about six fatal shark attacks per year from records for 2010–2019, while noting 14 reported shark fatalities in 2023. These are not perfectly comparable counts or forecasts of individual risk.
What these numbers measure
The figures are estimates of deaths associated with animal categories, not a standardized census of people killed in direct attacks. Mosquito-associated deaths are largely due to diseases they transmit; many dog-associated deaths are rabies deaths following bites or scratches; snake deaths result from envenoming. Sharks, by contrast, are generally counted through fatal-attack records.
Our World in Data’s synthesis draws on multiple sources and warns that some categories have significant uncertainty. The underlying estimates may refer to different years and use different methods. Its comparison is useful for understanding orders of magnitude, not for calculating personal odds or declaring an exact, stable league table.
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| Animal category | Approximate figure in the dossier | Main pathway | Important qualification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mosquitoes | About 760,000 associated deaths in OWID’s 2023 estimate set | Disease transmission | CDC reports 610,000 malaria deaths across 80 countries in 2023; this is malaria alone, not all mosquito-borne mortality. |
| Snakes | About 100,000 associated deaths in OWID’s 2023 estimate set | Venom | WHO’s snakebite fact sheet estimates 81,410–137,880 deaths annually and documents under-reporting. |
| Dogs | About 40,000 associated deaths in OWID’s 2023 estimate set | Primarily rabies transmission | OWID calls this one of its most uncertain estimates. It is not a count of dog maulings. |
| Sharks | About six fatal attacks per year in OWID’s 2010–2019 record review; 14 reported fatalities in 2023 | Direct attack | Different periods produce different annual counts; neither figure predicts an individual beachgoer’s risk. |
Other animals—including ticks, freshwater snails, scorpions, crocodiles, hippos, elephants, and lions—can cause serious illness, injury, or death. But the dossier does not provide a comparable, sufficiently verified global annual estimate for them. Rather than assign them precise ranks or counts, it is more accurate to discuss their hazards by region and exposure.
1. Mosquitoes
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls the mosquito “the world’s deadliest animal.” The CDC explains that mosquitoes spread diseases including dengue, West Nile, Zika, chikungunya, malaria, and lymphatic filariasis. Their danger is mainly disease transmission, not a bite that is inherently poisonous.
In its 2023 figure, the CDC reports 610,000 malaria deaths across 80 countries. That statistic is specific to malaria; it should not be treated as a total for every mosquito-borne disease. Our World in Data’s broader comparison estimates about 760,000 deaths associated with mosquitoes in its 2023 estimate set, but it also notes uncertainty in some categories.
Risk depends on which mosquito species are present, whether disease is circulating, and a person’s exposure. Follow local public-health advice and use appropriate bite-prevention measures where recommended.
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Snakebite envenoming causes substantial mortality, but the number is uncertain because bites and deaths are under-reported, especially where access to medical care is limited. WHO’s dedicated snakebite fact sheet estimates 81,410–137,880 deaths annually. Its separate animal-bites fact sheet gives a range of 94,000–125,000 annual snakebite deaths; these ranges come from different fact sheets and should not be blended or treated as methodologically identical.
Our World in Data gives an approximate figure of 100,000 snake-associated deaths in its 2023 estimate set. That is a useful scale comparison, not a precise count. WHO documents substantial undercounting in country-level data, illustrating why estimates can differ.
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Not all snakes are venomous, and the danger of a bite depends on species, location, and how quickly effective care is available. In areas with venomous snakes, follow local safety guidance and seek urgent medical care after a suspected venomous bite.
3. Dogs
Dog-associated deaths in global comparisons often mean rabies deaths, not deaths from maulings. WHO says dogs are responsible for transmission in up to 99% of human rabies cases. Once symptoms develop, rabies is almost always fatal, but prompt post-exposure care can prevent the disease.
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The figures vary with the model and category definition. Our World in Data estimates about 40,000 deaths associated with dogs in its 2023 estimate set and describes that estimate as especially uncertain; most are associated with rabies. WHO’s rabies fact sheet reports 44,203 annual rabies deaths in its 2021 Global Health Estimates model and warns that the total is uncertain and likely under-reported. WHO’s animal-bites fact sheet gives a separate estimate of 59,000 annual rabies deaths. These are distinct estimates with different scopes and should not be added together.
After a bite or suspected rabies exposure, wash the wound thoroughly and seek urgent medical advice. Do not wait for symptoms.
4. Ticks
Ticks transmit bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause serious illness. However, the dossier does not provide a reliable, comparable global annual death total for tick-borne diseases. Their risk varies by region and disease, so they cannot be assigned a defensible precise place in this global ranking.
In areas where tick-borne illness is a concern, follow local prevention and medical advice, including guidance about checking for ticks after outdoor activity and what to do after a bite.
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5. Freshwater snails
Some freshwater snails serve as intermediate hosts for the parasites that cause schistosomiasis. The infection pathway is indirect: parasite larvae released into infested freshwater can penetrate human skin. Snails do not attack people.
The dossier does not give a comparable global death figure for this category. Risk is geographically concentrated and depends on local water conditions and exposure. Follow local health guidance about freshwater contact in areas where schistosomiasis occurs.
6. Scorpions
Scorpion stings can cause severe illness or death, with risk varying by species, region, age, and access to care. The dossier does not establish a current, comparable global annual death estimate, so scorpions should not be assigned a precise global rank here.
In places where dangerous scorpions are present, follow local safety advice and seek urgent care for a severe sting or serious symptoms.
7. Crocodiles
Crocodiles can kill through direct attacks, especially where people and large crocodilians share waterways. The dossier does not establish a standardized global annual fatality estimate that can be compared reliably with the disease and envenoming figures above. Local risk depends on habitat, activity, and encounter frequency.
Follow local wildlife warnings and avoid entering or approaching water in known crocodile habitat unless authorities say it is safe.
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8. Hippopotamuses
Hippos can be dangerous in regions where people share waterways and land with them. However, the dossier does not verify a comparable global annual death count. Claims that hippos are definitively the world’s deadliest mammal depend on uncertain estimates and category choices.
People in hippo habitat should follow local guidance and keep a safe distance, particularly around waterways.
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Elephants can cause fatal injuries in human-wildlife conflicts, particularly where farms, settlements, and elephant ranges overlap. The dossier does not provide a standardized global annual estimate suitable for placing elephants at a precise rank in this comparison.
Follow wildlife-authority guidance in elephant country and do not approach, corner, or feed wild elephants.
10. Lions
Lions can kill people in particular regions and circumstances, but the dossier does not establish a reliable current global annual fatality total for this comparison. A serious local risk does not by itself establish a global rank.
In lion habitat, follow park and community warnings, keep a safe distance, and comply with trained guides and wildlife authorities.
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Why shark figures vary
Shark deaths are counted differently from deaths linked to disease vectors or rabies. Our World in Data’s technical documentation says its estimate is based on 54 fatal attacks recorded from 2010–2019, or about six per year; it also notes 14 reported fatalities in 2023. Those figures illustrate variation across years and periods, not a fixed annual rate.
A shark-fatality count does not describe every interaction or every person’s risk. A person’s exposure depends on location and activity, just as mosquito, snake, and wildlife risks do.
How to interpret the comparison
- Check the pathway: Ask whether the figure counts direct attacks, venom, a transmitted disease, or an animal’s role in a parasite’s life cycle.
- Check the period: A modeled annual estimate and a count from one observed year are not interchangeable.
- Check the category: A broad group or disease pathway is not the same thing as a single species or direct attack.
- Check the uncertainty: Estimates based on incomplete reporting are not exact totals.
- Think about local exposure: Location, activity, frequency of contact, and access to care matter more to personal risk than a worldwide ranking.
Our World in Data summarizes its analysis by saying that almost all deaths from other animals are caused by two types: mosquitoes and snakes. That is a summary of its analysis, not a claim that the risk is equal everywhere or that other animals cannot be locally dangerous.
FAQ
What is the deadliest animal in the world?
In Our World in Data’s 2023 estimate set, mosquitoes are associated with about 760,000 deaths, largely through disease transmission. The estimate is not an exact count and does not mean every mosquito is dangerous.
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How many people do sharks kill each year?
Our World in Data’s technical documentation identifies 54 fatal attacks in 2010–2019, about six per year, and notes 14 reported fatalities in 2023. Annual counts vary, and these figures do not calculate an individual’s odds.
Does the dog figure mean dog attacks kill about 40,000 people each year?
No. Our World in Data’s approximate dog-associated estimate is about 40,000 in its 2023 estimate set, and most deaths are associated with rabies. It is not a count of dog maulings.
Are the ten animals in this article ranked by reliable global death counts?
No. The dossier supports useful global estimates most clearly for mosquitoes, snakes, dogs, and sharks. It does not supply comparable, verified annual totals for every other animal listed, so their presence identifies possible hazards rather than a precise ranking.
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