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Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Researchers drilling beneath Antarctica’s Filchner Ice Shelf in search of seafloor sediment instead filmed a community of attached, sponge-like organisms on a boulder. The ice above the site was 872 metres thick—about 0.54 mile. The footage revealed an unexpected kind of under-ice habitat, but it did not identify the organisms to species or establish what they eat.
How researchers found the organisms
The discovery happened during geological drilling at the Filchner Ice Shelf, during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 Antarctic summers. At a borehole called FSW2, the corer repeatedly struck a large boulder instead of collecting the expected sediment. A camera attached to the sampling equipment recorded the seabed and revealed organisms attached to the rock. The team had not set out to search for or identify a new species.
The peer-reviewed study describes this as the first recorded hard-substrate sessile benthic community far beneath an Antarctic ice shelf. “Sessile” means the organisms were attached rather than moving around; “benthic” means they lived on the seafloor. The discovery is therefore about a particular kind of community, not the first evidence of life beneath Antarctic ice.
How deep was the site?
“Under a mile of ice” is an approximate headline description. At the observation site, 872 metres of ice sat above a 472-metre column of seawater. The boulder was at a depth of 1,233 metres below sea level and about 260 kilometres from the modern ice front. Ice thickness, water depth beneath the ice and total depth below sea level are different measurements.
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The figures were reported by Griffiths and colleagues in their 2021 study in Frontiers in Marine Science. The British Antarctic Survey also described the accidental observation in its report on the discovery.
What the camera showed—and what it did not
The footage showed a large stalked sponge, other sponge forms, unidentified stalked organisms and filamentous forms attached to the boulder. The researchers did not collect specimens from it, so the organisms’ species identities remain uncertain. The video also cannot establish their ages or confirm their diet.
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The study’s authors considered the community probably composed of filter-feeding organisms, which obtain food by filtering material from the water. That is an interpretation, not a confirmed account of what these particular organisms consume. A report by WIRED likewise notes that the team did not retrieve specimens from the boulder.
Why a stationary community surprised scientists
Researchers had expected animal abundance and diversity to decline farther from sunlight and open water. Mobile scavengers and predators had been observed beneath ice shelves, but an attached community likely to filter-feed was unexpected in such a remote setting. The finding challenged expectations about which kinds of seafloor communities might occur there; it did not show that this habitat is common or well understood.
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The boulder lay about 260 kilometres from the ice front. Possible current routes from likely photosynthetic source regions were estimated at 625 kilometres to more than 1,500 kilometres, depending on the route considered. Those are route estimates, not measured journeys by food or organisms. Currents might carry organic material to the site, but the team did not establish the community’s food source or how any material reached it.
Lead author Huw Griffiths, a biogeographer at the British Antarctic Survey, said: “Our discovery raises so many more questions than it answers.” The study appeared on 15 February 2021 in Frontiers’ report on the discovery.
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What one boulder can—and cannot—tell us
Knowledge of life beneath Antarctic ice shelves is sparse and comes largely from observations in a small number of boreholes drilled for geological or glaciological work. One filmed boulder cannot reveal how widespread similar communities are, how they vary across the seafloor or what sustains them. Specimen collection and observations at additional sites would be needed to answer those questions.
A separate 2021 British Antarctic Survey report describes animals found in samples collected beneath the Ekström Ice Shelf in 2018. That is a different site and study; its findings do not identify the organisms filmed at the Filchner Ice Shelf boulder.
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