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Typhloperipatus williamsoni, a velvet worm known from India’s Siang Valley, was documented again after a 111-year gap in scientific records. A 2025 study reported two specimens collected in Arunachal Pradesh in 2021 and 2023. That long gap does not mean the species was formally declared extinct.
What creature resurfaced in India?
It was Typhloperipatus williamsoni, a velvet worm in the phylum Onychophora and family Peripatidae. Despite its name, a velvet worm is not an earthworm. The species was originally recorded from the Siang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh.
The 2025 paper describes the find as a rediscovery after 111 years. More precisely, that is the interval since its previous scientific record—not evidence of a formal extinction declaration. The report is based on two individuals, not a population survey.
Where and when were the specimens found?
The two specimens came from Kalek and Yingku in Arunachal Pradesh’s Siang Valley. Their collection dates and locations were:
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| Location | Collection date | Elevation | Relation to the type locality |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kalek village | April 24, 2021 | 838 m | Near the original type locality |
| Near Yingku village | May 17, 2023 | 720 m | Approximately 45 km from the type locality |
The study adds Yingku as a previously unrecorded location for the species. The specimens were collected before the study appeared online in 2025.
What did the study add?
The researchers provided the first live images of T. williamsoni and added information about its natural history and distribution. They also generated the first molecular data for the species, analyzing three mitochondrial genes: 12S, 16S, and COI.
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In the study’s phylogenetic analyses, T. williamsoni was recovered as sister to Southeast Asian Eoperipatus. This describes its relationship in the analyzed evolutionary tree; it does not mean the Indian species is an Eoperipatus.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What the rediscovery does—and does not—show
A species can go unrecorded in scientific literature for decades without being formally declared extinct. Finding two individuals confirms recent records at the reported sites, but does not show how many velvet worms live there, whether the species is increasing or declining, or whether its overall range is larger.
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The sources reporting this study do not establish a current formal conservation category, population estimate, precise range beyond the documented localities, or quantified threat assessment. The rediscovery alone therefore cannot establish that the species is endangered, secure, or recovering.
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