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Entry 124Filed under Breeding

In-Hospital Enrichment for Dogs and Cats: Reducing Stress and Building Bonds

Practical, patient-specific ways veterinary teams can make hospital stays and visits more comfortable for dogs and cats, without assuming one approach works for every animal.
5-minute read By Animalso Team
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Veterinary teams can make hospital stays and brief visits more manageable by giving each dog or cat safe choices, familiar comforts, an appropriate sensory environment, and patient-led handling. Enrichment is part of ordinary care—not a guarantee of calm or faster healing. Observe the individual patient and adjust what you offer.

What enrichment can—and cannot—do

Enrichment means adapting the environment and interaction to an animal’s needs: for example, offering a cat a place to hide, giving a dog secure footing, or using a suitable toy or treat during handling. The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) describes enrichment as relevant to both brief visits and hospitalization. Its article, “In-hospital enrichment: Reducing stress and building bonds,” by Emily Singler, VMD, was published November 26, 2025, but its full text is restricted to AAHA members and employees of AAHA-accredited hospitals. The practical recommendations below are grounded in accessible AAHA guidance and feline-care guidelines.

Enrichment is not a substitute for medical care, and an item that helps one patient may unsettle another. AAHA’s behavior guidance reports that 106 of 135 canine patients (78.5%) were fearful on the examination table, citing a study in its guideline summary. That figure is a reminder to notice fear rather than assume a patient is comfortable. The same summary describes associations between less fearful postoperative patients and fewer physiological indicators of stress, fewer nosocomial infections, faster recovery, and fewer postoperative visits; it does not establish that enrichment itself caused those outcomes. AAHA: Handling anxious or reactive patients

Make a hospitalized cat’s space feel safer

Offer a hiding place

Hiding is a normal coping behavior for cats in stressful situations. The AAHA feline guidance states, “Cats hide as a normal coping behavior in response to a stressful situation.” A suitable hiding option in a hospital cage might be a sturdy cardboard box, cat bed, carrier, or paper bag; linens can also be arranged as a tent when appropriate. Let the cat choose whether to use it rather than placing the cat inside or blocking its exit. AAHA: Handling the difficult cat 2022 AAFP/ISFM Cat Friendly Veterinary Environment Guidelines

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Keep the ward quiet and predictable

Reduce unnecessary disturbances, loud equipment, and exposure to other animals. Separate cat and dog wards are ideal when feasible. If they share a space, reduce visual, sound, and scent exposure where possible. Consider whether lights, voices, traffic, or repeated cage interruptions are adding avoidable stimulation. The 2022 AAFP/ISFM environment guidelines recommend a quiet, predictable setting and minimizing exposure to other animals and noise. 2022 AAFP/ISFM Cat Friendly Veterinary Environment Guidelines

Arrange the cage around the individual cat

Use the patient’s condition, mobility, preferences, and monitoring needs to decide what belongs in the cage. When space allows, keep litter separate from food, water, and bedding; choose a litter setup the cat can access safely. Familiar bedding, toys, food, or litter from home may be useful when available, and thick towels or fleece can provide comfortable bedding. A hiding box for a hospital cage is one practical option, but it should be safe for the patient and compatible with observation and care. ISFM Guidelines on the Hospitalisation of Cats

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Hiding should not mean abandoning observation. Assess whether the cat can be monitored adequately and whether the option is comfortable for that individual. Some cats may need an alternative to cage confinement; others may dislike a particular hide. Offer choices, watch the response, and change the setup if it increases distress. 2022 AAFP/ISFM Cat Friendly Veterinary Environment Guidelines

Use comfort and distraction thoughtfully during visits

Choose tools for the patient and task

AAHA lists non-slip mats, towels or bolsters, treats, toys, basket muzzles, and other equipment as possible elements of a less stressful clinical environment. These are options, not a universal kit: select what fits the animal’s condition, behavior, and the procedure. A non-slip surface may help a patient feel more secure; a towel or bolster may support comfortable positioning. AAHA: Behavior management tools for dogs and cats

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Use food and toys only when appropriate

Treats can provide distraction, redirection, counterconditioning, or a reward. First check for allergies and relevant dietary restrictions. Avoid food if it triggers guarding or aggression. Toys can also distract or redirect attention, but clean them between patients or send a toy home with the patient rather than reusing a contaminated item. AAHA: Behavior management tools for dogs and cats

Do not assume restraint aids are calming

A towel wrap or other restraint aid may be useful for some patients, but it can increase distress in others. AAHA advises against a towel wrap when the patient finds it stressful and notes that some cats become anxious or freeze when movement is restricted by squeeze boxes or bags. Watch body language and stop or change the approach if the patient’s response worsens. AAHA: Behavior management tools for dogs and cats

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Handle fear without escalating force

AAHA’s behavior guidance recommends using less stressful, humane restraint methods first and cautions that forceful restraint can increase stress and the risk of injury. A patient that resists is not necessarily being difficult; fear, pain, unfamiliar surfaces, noise, or loss of control may be contributing. Pause when it is safe to do so, reassess the environment and handling plan, and choose an approach suited to the animal and clinical task. AAHA: Handling anxious or reactive patients

Choose and adjust enrichment with a simple check

Before offering an item or changing the setup, consider these factors:

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  • Species and individual fit: a cat may benefit from a hiding option; a dog may need secure footing, more distance, or a suitable distraction.
  • Clinical condition and mobility: confirm the patient can safely use a bed, hide, toy, or food without increasing risk.
  • Choice and response: observe whether the animal chooses the option and appears more settled, or shows greater distress.
  • Sensory impact: consider noise, light, visual contact, scent, and proximity to other animals.
  • Safety and hygiene: account for food allergies or guarding, falls or entrapment, and whether an item can be cleaned, dedicated to one patient, or sent home.
  • Monitoring and workflow: ensure the arrangement allows necessary observation and does not interfere with treatment.

Reassess after changes. If the patient avoids an item, becomes more tense, freezes, or reacts defensively, remove or modify it rather than insisting that it should help. Enrichment is most useful when it supports the patient’s choices and can be adapted to the care being provided.

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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