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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsThe Mariana snailfish, Pseudoliparis swirei, is a tiny hadal fish known from the Mariana Trench. Specimens in the species’ original description were collected 6,898–7,966 meters below the surface—the deepest confirmed benthic capture of a vertebrate with corroborated depth data. A separate, newer record sets the deepest confirmed fish sighting at 8,336 meters, but NOAA does not identify that fish as P. swirei.
What is the Mariana snailfish?
Pseudoliparis swirei is a species of snailfish in the family Liparidae. Scientists described it in 2017 from 37 specimens collected in the Mariana Trench, in the western Pacific near Guam. The authors considered the species almost certainly endemic to that trench, based on the apparent isolation of other hadal snailfishes between trenches. The original species description gives the full taxonomic account.
The species name honors Herbert Swire, an officer aboard HMS Challenger, the 19th-century expedition associated with foundational deep-sea exploration.
Is it the deepest fish in the sea?
It depends on what “deepest” means. P. swirei holds a landmark specimen-backed record: the original description documents fish collected from the trench floor at depths down to 7,966 meters. NOAA Ocean Exploration now reports a deeper confirmed fish sighting, at 8,336 meters in the Izu-Ogasawara Trench. NOAA describes the animal as a snailfish but does not identify it to species on its fact page, so that depth should not be attributed to the Mariana snailfish.
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| Record | Depth and location | What was established |
|---|---|---|
| Deepest confirmed fish sighting | 8,336 m (27,000 ft), Izu-Ogasawara Trench | NOAA Ocean Exploration reports a filmed snailfish; its January 14, 2026 page does not identify the species. NOAA’s record page. |
| Deepest confirmed benthic capture of a vertebrate with corroborated depth data | 7,966 m, Mariana Trench | The 2017 description reports collected P. swirei specimens from 6,898–7,966 m. Gerringer et al., 2017. |
These are different kinds of records: one is a sighting at greater depth, while the other is a physically collected, species-identified fish. NOAA says it is likely that fish cannot live deeper than about 8,400 meters because of extreme pressure; that figure is an estimate, not a proven biological limit.
What does the Mariana snailfish look like and eat?
The University of Washington’s account of the 2017 discovery describes the fish as small, translucent and scaleless. Researchers observed deep-water snailfish gathering in groups. Like other deep-water snailfish described in that account, they feed on small crustaceans and shrimp by suction. The Liparidae family also includes species that live in much shallower water, so trench conditions and feeding behavior should not be generalized to every snailfish.
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In the observed trench food web, Newcastle University co-author Thomas Linley said, “There are lots of invertebrate prey and the snailfish are the top predator. They are active and look very well-fed.” That description refers to the local ecosystem, not to all snailfish. The University of Washington report also explains how the discovery was made.
How did scientists find and identify it?
Researchers used baited traps equipped with cameras. According to the University of Washington, a trap took about four hours to descend; the team then waited 12–24 hours before releasing weights so flotation could bring it back to the surface. DNA analysis and 3-D scans helped distinguish the fish as a new species, alongside anatomical examination and the collected specimens.
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Lead author Mackenzie Gerringer said at the time: “This is the deepest fish that’s been collected from the ocean floor, and we’re very excited to have an official name.” The statement described the specimen-backed Mariana record reported in 2017; it predates NOAA’s later 8,336-meter sighting record.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What is known about its life cycle?
Age and early-life estimates are less certain than the capture depths. A NOAA Fisheries summary of a 2018 peer-reviewed study reports age estimates of five to 16 years for two hadal liparid species, including P. swirei. Those estimates depend on interpreting otolith growth zones as annual, so they are not definitive ages.
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The same study found oxygen-isotope shifts in otoliths that may reflect changing water temperatures during development. The results suggest the fish may have a pelagic larval stage above 1,000 meters before returning to hadal depths; this is an inference from otolith evidence, not a directly observed account of the species’ full life cycle. NOAA Fisheries summarizes the study and its methods.
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