In a September 2024 survey, CDC and Ohio partners found antibodies suggestive of recent H5 bird flu infection in 3 of 150 bovine veterinary practitioners (2%). All three reported no symptoms, and the survey does not establish how or where they were infected. The result is occupational surveillance evidence—not a measure of infection among all veterinarians or the public.
What the CDC survey found
- Three of 150 participants (2%) had serologic evidence suggestive of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) infection; the 95% confidence interval was 0.7%–5.7%.
- Participants were bovine veterinary practitioners with cattle exposure in the previous three months. The survey took place September 12–13, 2024.
- Participants reported primary practice in 46 U.S. states: 143 in the United States and seven in Canada.
- All three people with positive serology reported no respiratory or flu-like symptoms, including conjunctivitis, and no influenza testing since January 2024.
Participants were recruited at an annual veterinary conference and by email to conference attendees. This was a small, conference-based sample, not a random or representative sample of veterinarians. The 2% result should not be treated as prevalence among all veterinarians, animal workers, or the public.
What H5 antibodies mean
The survey used blood tests for antibodies. CDC counted a result as positive when titers met its threshold in both microneutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition assays against a wild-type influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus. Antibodies can provide evidence of a previous immune response; they are not the same as detecting active virus with a respiratory PCR test during an acute illness.
CDC described the findings as suggestive of recent infection. They do not by themselves amount to three symptom-diagnosed clinical cases, establish when the infections occurred, or show that any participant was contagious when surveyed. The WHO case definitions describe laboratory confirmation using PCR, virus isolation, or specified serologic evidence; the survey should not be overstated as individually source-traced diagnoses.
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What exposures were reported?
None of the three participants with positive serology said they had cared for dairy cattle known or suspected to have H5 infection. One reported working with H5-positive poultry. The survey therefore cannot identify the source of any individual infection or prove that cattle caused the infections.
In the full sample, 82 of 150 participants practiced in states with H5-positive dairy herds, and 25 reported working with dairy cattle known or suspected to have H5 infection. These figures describe the surveyed group, not all veterinary practitioners.
What the findings mean for animal-care workers
All three participants with positive serology reported wearing gloves or a clothing cover when caring for cattle; none reported respiratory or eye protection. This is a descriptive finding, not proof that any particular missing item caused infection.
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CDC worker guidance recommends assessing hazards and selecting controls and PPE according to the work site, task, and exposure level. Workers and employers should follow current CDC and OSHA guidance and applicable workplace procedures. PPE selection, fit, training, and use should be handled through the appropriate employer program; no single retail product guarantees protection.
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- Follow employer and public-health instructions for controls and PPE appropriate to the exposure, including respiratory and eye protection when indicated.
- Use required training, fit testing, hygiene, and workplace procedures.
- After a potentially high-risk exposure, follow public-health advice on symptom monitoring, reporting, and whether testing is appropriate.
See CDC guidance on reducing exposure for workers to avian influenza A viruses for current worker-protection information.
Does this finding change the risk to pet owners?
The survey does not show that pet ownership caused infection or that ordinary contact with a healthy household pet became a high-risk activity. CDC’s current-situation page dated March 6, 2026, described the public health risk as low and reported 71 U.S. human A(H5) cases since February 2024. That is a dated situation update, separate from the September 2024 veterinary survey; risk assessments and case counts can change.
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If you have had close contact with an animal suspected or confirmed by public-health authorities to have H5 infection, contact a health-care provider or health department if you develop symptoms and mention the exposure. Follow public-health instructions about monitoring or testing.
How to interpret the result
The most precise summary is that CDC found serologic evidence suggestive of recent H5 infection in three of 150 bovine veterinary practitioners tested in September 2024. Keep these distinctions in mind:
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- A conference-based survey is not a representative prevalence estimate.
- Reported animal contact does not establish the source of an individual infection.
- The 2024 survey snapshot is distinct from later CDC situation updates.
FAQ
Were the three veterinarians sick with bird flu?
All three reported no respiratory or flu-like symptoms, including conjunctivitis. The survey found antibody evidence suggestive of recent infection, not three acute respiratory PCR-positive cases.
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Did the veterinarians definitely catch H5 bird flu from cattle?
No. The study could not identify the source of any individual infection. None of the three reported caring for dairy cattle known or suspected to have H5; one reported working with H5-positive poultry.
Does 2% represent the infection rate for all veterinarians?
No. The survey included 150 conference-recruited bovine veterinary practitioners and was not a random, representative sample of all veterinarians.
Should pet owners be worried about this finding?
The survey focused on occupationally exposed veterinary practitioners. It did not show that pet ownership itself caused infection or that ordinary contact with a healthy household pet became high risk. CDC’s March 6, 2026 situation page described public health risk as low at that time.
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