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Entry 498Filed under Breeding

Why Were Orcas Wearing Dead Salmon as Hats? What Scientists Know

The famous Southern Resident “salmon hats” were reported across three pods in 1987. A 2024 photo revived the story, but the whales’ motive—and whether the behavior is back—remain uncertain.
3-minute read By Animalso Team
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Scientists do not know why some Southern Resident killer whales have carried dead salmon on their heads. The best-known episode was reported in 1987, when the behavior spread from a female in K Pod to J and L pods within months. A 2024 photograph of J27 Blackberry with a salmon on his head renewed interest, but one image does not show that the earlier multi-pod behavior has returned.

What happened in the salmon-hat episode?

In 1987, Southern Resident orcas in Puget Sound were reported swimming with dead salmon draped across their foreheads. National Geographic’s account says the behavior began with a female in K Pod and spread to J and L pods within a few months. That describes reported observations across the three pods, not a measured rate for the population. National Geographic recounts the episode and the later sightings.

Similar sightings were reported in later years, though the account does not establish how often they occurred. On October 25, 2024, photographer Jim Pasola captured J27 Blackberry with a salmon on his head. Biologist Deborah Giles told National Geographic she had witnessed the behavior once in person.

Why do orcas put salmon on their heads?

The reason is unknown. Giles’s assessment is direct: “It’s all speculation.” Communication, courtship, play, and carrying food have all been suggested, but none is established as the explanation. National Geographic presents these as possibilities, not demonstrated causes.

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Could it be play or social behavior?

Giles suggested that plentiful chum salmon and more time for social activity could make play plausible. That is a hypothesis, not evidence that the whales carried salmon for play or social signaling.

Could it be a way to save food for later?

ORCA discusses a “back-pocket-snack” idea: a whale carrying a fish might keep food available. The suggestion has not been confirmed. ORCA also quotes Giles on the possibility that more food could allow more social interaction, and Howard Garrett questioning whether the 2024 observations amount to a revival. ORCA’s account presents these as competing interpretations, not settled findings.

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Are the salmon hats back?

There is a documented 2024 photograph of Blackberry with a salmon, and ORCA describes an observation in late October and a further sighting in November. That is not enough to establish a return of the 1987 episode, which was reported across K, J, and L pods within months. Orca Behavior Institute director Monika Wieland Shields cautioned that “it’s a stretch to say it was a salmon hat, and an even greater stretch to say the fad is back off a single photo.” Garrett likewise argued that a genuine revival should have generated more documentation given the many observers and cameras around the whales. The available accounts therefore support a reported sighting, not a demonstrated new trend.

Which orcas are involved, and why salmon matter

The reports concern Southern Residents, a fish-eating ecotype of killer whale in the Pacific Northwest—not orcas generally. NOAA Fisheries says resident killer whales in the region primarily eat salmon, while Bigg’s (transient) killer whales primarily eat marine mammals and squid. NOAA Fisheries’ killer whale overview describes these dietary differences.

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Chinook salmon is the predominant prey of Southern Residents during summer, according to the Center for Whale Research. The Center also reports, citing Ward and colleagues’ 2009 study, that the probability of a female having a calf was 50% greater in years of high Chinook abundance than in years of low abundance. That finding underscores salmon’s conservation importance; it does not explain why a whale might carry a fish on its head.

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How to observe whales responsibly

Never feed wild whales. NOAA Fisheries says feeding wild marine mammals is prohibited under the Marine Mammal Protection Act and explains that hand-feeding can undermine natural hunting behavior. NOAA’s feeding guidance explains the legal and behavioral reasons. A whale carrying its own prey is not an invitation for people to feed or approach it.

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