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Entry 121Filed under Breeding

Are Lobsters Immortal? Why Molting Can Become an Exhausting Way to Die

Lobsters are not immortal, though American lobsters may show slow senescence and can keep growing through repeated molts. Molting is essential to growth but can leave them vulnerable and, in some cases, contribute to death.
4-minute read By Animalso Team
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No. Lobsters are not immortal: they can die from predators, disease, and complications during molting. American lobsters grow by shedding their hard shells and may show slow senescence, but unusual longevity is not the same as living forever.

Molting is essential to growth, yet it can also leave a lobster vulnerable or, in some cases, contribute to its death. The evidence does not establish a general percentage of wild lobsters that die from exhaustion while molting.

Why do people say lobsters are immortal?

The idea comes from real features of lobster biology. American lobsters (Homarus americanus) grow throughout life by periodically shedding their hard external skeleton, and they can continue reproducing. These traits have led researchers to describe their senescence—the gradual changes associated with aging—as slow or potentially negligible in some respects.

A 1998 study found telomerase activity in the examined organs of American lobsters and described senescence as slow. A 2021 study of the American lobster genome said that lifelong growth and reproduction suggest negligible senescence. These findings help explain why lobster aging differs from human aging, but they do not show that lobsters cannot die.

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The Natural History Museum explains why the immortality claim is misleading: lobsters can die from predation, disease, and even exhaustion during a molt.

Why do lobsters molt?

A lobster’s rigid exoskeleton cannot expand continuously as its body grows. To get larger, the animal must shed the old shell and form a new one. This process is called molting, or ecdysis.

  1. Prepare: The lobster forms a new exoskeleton beneath the old one.
  2. Leave the old shell: It splits and withdraws from its rigid covering.
  3. Expand and recover: The new shell allows room for growth, then gradually hardens.

According to NOAA Fisheries, American lobsters molt about 20 to 25 times over roughly 5 to 8 years as they develop toward reproductive age and minimum legal harvest size. This describes American lobsters; it should not be generalized to every species called a lobster.

Can lobsters die while molting?

Yes. Molting is a vulnerable process: the lobster must escape its old shell, and its new shell provides less protection until it hardens. The Natural History Museum lists exhaustion during a molt among possible causes of death.

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Molting can also be complicated by disease. NOAA explains that a lobster may shed shell disease along with its old shell, but an infection that reaches the bloodstream can be fatal. Molting may be delayed in egg-bearing females, giving lesions more time to develop.

A study of cultured juvenile lobsters documented molt-associated deaths under particular diet conditions. That finding is specific to those animals and conditions; it does not establish how often wild lobsters die from exhaustion while molting. The reviewed sources provide no reliable general mortality percentage for wild lobsters.

What does the evidence say about aging?

Continued growth and reproduction, along with telomerase activity, are evidence of unusual longevity biology—not proof that lobsters never age. The 1998 telomerase study and 2021 genome study suggest possible ways lobster aging differs from aging in many other animals. Neither demonstrates that every function remains unchanged throughout life or that lobsters are protected from disease, injury, and environmental threats.

It is useful to distinguish slow senescence from literal immortality. An animal may show slow changes associated with aging and still die from external causes or a failure during a demanding biological process such as molting.

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How long can a lobster live?

Exact age is difficult to establish because lobsters shed their shells rather than retaining a simple age record. NOAA Fisheries says American lobsters may live to be about 100 years old, but presents this as an estimate, not a confirmed maximum or a typical lifespan.

Species matter when comparing longevity claims. NOAA says Caribbean spiny lobsters may live 15 years or more, while emphasizing uncertainty in determining their age. That estimate should not be applied to American lobsters.

A large lobster is not automatically the oldest lobster. Size can offer clues, but it is not an exact measure of age.

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The bottom line

Lobsters are not immortal. American lobsters grow through repeated molts and may show slow senescence, but they remain vulnerable to predation, disease, and molt-related complications. Molting makes growth possible; in some cases, its physical demands and risks can contribute to death, but the available sources do not establish a general exhaustion-death rate for wild lobsters.

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FAQ

Are lobsters actually immortal?

No. Lobsters can die from predation, disease, and complications during molting. Evidence of slow senescence does not mean they can live forever.

Why do lobsters molt?

Their hard external skeleton cannot expand with their bodies. They shed it and form a new one to grow.

Can lobsters die while molting?

Yes. They may die from exhaustion or other molt-related complications. Disease can also make a molt more dangerous, but the sources reviewed do not provide a general death rate for wild lobsters.

Can American lobsters live to be 100 years old?

NOAA Fisheries says American lobsters may live to be about 100 years old, but this is an estimate because exact age is difficult to determine—not a confirmed maximum or a typical lifespan.

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Does telomerase make lobsters immortal?

No. A 1998 study found telomerase activity in examined lobster organs, but that finding does not show that lobsters are immune to disease, predation, injury, or death during molting.

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