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Entry 135Filed under Breeding

Borneo Earless Monitor: What We Know About This Rare Rainforest Lizard

The Borneo earless monitor is an established rainforest lizard, not a newly discovered “living fossil.” Learn what is known about its habitat, hearing, behavior and conservation status.
3-minute read By Animalso Team
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The Borneo earless monitor (Lanthanotus borneensis) is a real, established lizard species native to Borneo—not a newly discovered “living fossil.” Its name refers to the lack of an external ear opening; that feature alone does not show whether it can hear. The IUCN Red List account classifies the species as Endangered, based on an assessment last conducted in 2019.

What is the Borneo earless monitor?

Lanthanotus borneensis is a distinctive lizard endemic to Borneo. It is the sole living species in its family, Lanthanotidae, and is sometimes described in popular coverage as a “living fossil.” That phrase is a catchy label, not evidence that the species is unchanged over time or that scientists have just found it. The IUCN has an established species account for it, last assessed in 2019. IUCN Red List account

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Where does it live?

The IUCN account places the species in lowland northwestern Borneo, especially lowland rainforest near streams. It describes the lizards as cryptic and nocturnal. According to that account, they shelter in places such as soil burrows, riverbank areas, rocks, and rotting logs, then forage on land and in water at night. These habitat and behavior details are reported in the Red List account; they should not be taken as a complete record of behavior across every part of the species’ range. IUCN Red List account

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Does “earless” mean it cannot hear?

No conclusion about hearing follows from the name alone. The cited source concerns external morphology: the lizard lacks an external ear opening. That does not establish that it is deaf, and the available evidence here does not answer how well it hears.

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What is known about its activity?

Wild behavior

The IUCN account describes the species as nocturnal, with nighttime foraging on land and in water. Because it is cryptic, observations can be difficult; the account’s description is the best-supported summary here, not proof that every individual follows the same schedule.

Captive observations

A study published in the December 2024 issue of Treubia examined daily activity at Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, a captive research setting. The study listing reports a tendency for the captive animals to be more active and feed more in the afternoon. That result is about animals in captivity and does not, by itself, overturn the IUCN account’s description of wild nocturnal behavior. Treubia / BRIN study

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Is the Borneo earless monitor endangered?

Yes. The IUCN Red List account classifies Lanthanotus borneensis as Endangered (EN) and reports a decreasing population trend. The assessment was last conducted on October 24, 2019; that date is not a current population census, and the account does not provide a verified current headcount. It identifies habitat decline associated with forest clearance and pressure from international pet trade as concerns. IUCN Red List account

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An IUCN Save Our Species project page lists a 2023–2024 effort in West Kalimantan to improve information about habitat and population characteristics. It also identifies habitat loss or degradation and poaching among the threats. The project description is not a population estimate. IUCN Save Our Species project

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Is it venomous, and is it protected from trade?

Venom should not be presented as a settled fact on the evidence cited here. A 2020 paper states that whether the lizard’s saliva serves a feeding or predator-deterrence function had not been experimentally validated or rejected in that study. 2020 paper in Toxicon

Documents from the 2016 CITES process include a proposal to list earless monitors in Appendix I and an accompanying analysis. A proposal does not establish the species’ current CITES listing, and those documents alone do not establish current Indonesian or Malaysian trade rules. Anyone needing a legal answer should check the current official CITES listing and the applicable national regulations. CITES CoP17 Proposal 32; IUCN/TRAFFIC proposal analysis

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