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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesYes, generally—but “international waters” does not mean fishing without rules. On the high seas, international law recognizes a fishing freedom for nationals of States, subject to treaty obligations, conservation duties, and applicable management measures. A boat in another country’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ), however, is not on the high seas: that coastal State’s rules for fishing and foreign access apply.
To assess a real trip, you need at least the vessel’s flag State, its exact location, and the species being targeted. Those details determine which requirements may apply.
What counts as international waters?
“International waters” is a common phrase, not a precise legal location. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the high seas are the parts of the ocean outside any State’s exclusive economic zone, territorial sea, internal waters, and archipelagic waters. UNCLOS lists fishing among the freedoms of the high seas, to be exercised under the Convention and other applicable international law, with due regard for other States’ interests. UNCLOS, Part VII and Article 87.
Being beyond a country’s territorial sea does not by itself mean a boat has reached the high seas. The vessel may still be inside that country’s EEZ, where the coastal State has rights over living resources. The continental shelf is a separate legal matter concerning seabed resources; it does not automatically give a coastal State fishing jurisdiction over the water column.
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High seas and another State’s EEZ are different
| Where the boat is | What that means for fishing |
|---|---|
| High seas | Fishing is a recognized freedom for nationals of States, but it is subject to treaty obligations, conservation duties, and applicable cooperation or management measures under UNCLOS and other relevant rules. UNCLOS, Articles 116–119. |
| Another State’s EEZ | This is not high seas. The coastal State’s rules over living resources apply, and foreign fishers must comply with its applicable conservation measures and terms and conditions. UNCLOS, Part V. |
What conditions apply to high-seas fishing?
Treaties and other applicable rules
UNCLOS Article 116 recognizes the right of States’ nationals to fish on the high seas, subject to treaty obligations, specified coastal-State interests, and the Convention’s provisions on conserving high-seas living resources. Other applicable international agreements and regional measures may also affect fishing in a particular area or for a particular species.
Conservation and cooperation
UNCLOS does not treat the freedom to fish as permission to ignore conservation. Articles 117–119 require States to take or cooperate in measures to conserve high-seas living resources, cooperate with States exploiting the same resources, and base conservation measures on the best scientific evidence available. A vessel’s flag State—the State under whose authority it operates—therefore matters, as do measures agreed by States fishing the same area or resources.
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Species-specific protections
Marine mammals have specific treatment in UNCLOS: Article 120 extends Article 65’s conservation and management provisions to marine mammals on the high seas. That provision should not be read as a universal rule for every species. The target species and the measures applicable to the fishing area and flag State must be identified. UNCLOS, Articles 65 and 120.
How to check whether a specific trip is allowed
There is no single license answer for every boat or every area. Check the following before fishing:
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- Identify the vessel’s flag State. Determine which State’s rules apply to the vessel and its nationals.
- Pin down the location. Use the boat’s coordinates and reliable maritime-zone information to establish whether it is in an EEZ or on the high seas; do not rely on the phrase “outside territorial waters.”
- Identify the target species and fishing method. Species-specific treaties, regional fisheries measures, and rules on gear or catch may matter.
- Check current applicable requirements. Confirm permits, seasons, catch limits, reporting, gear restrictions, closed areas, and other conditions with the relevant flag-State authority and any applicable coastal-State or regional fisheries authority.
Without the flag State, coordinates or area, species, and method, it is not possible to determine the permits or restrictions for a particular trip. Applicable national laws, treaties, regional measures, and enforcement rules can vary.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Primary legal text
The UN’s official UNCLOS text is the primary reference for the distinctions described here. A UN publication listing also includes the Convention’s text as a reference work: United Nations, Publications and Texts. Use the treaty as a starting point, not as a substitute for checking current requirements for a particular vessel, area, and species.
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