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Entry 420Filed under Breeding

Divers Posted Photos of a Cute “Panda” Underwater. Scientists Later Described It as a New Species

The skeleton panda sea squirt is a sea squirt formally described as a new species in 2024. Online diver photos brought it to researchers’ attention, but collected specimens and anatomical and DNA evidence supported its identification.
6-minute read By Animalso Team
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The “skeleton panda” sea squirt is Clavelina ossipandae, a colonial ascidian, not a panda or a sea slug. Online photos drew attention to the unidentified animal, but researchers established its identity using collected specimens, anatomical comparison, and partial COI DNA analysis before formally describing it as a new species in 2024.

Meet the “skeleton panda” sea squirt

Clavelina ossipandae is a colonial ascidian, commonly called a sea squirt. It is a marine invertebrate in the phylum Chordata, the same broad phylum that includes vertebrates, but it is not a fish, jellyfish, coral, mollusk, or relative of the giant panda.

Its classification is Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea, Aplousobranchia, Clavelinidae, genus Clavelina. The species name refers to its bone-like appearance and panda-like markings.

A colony is made up of separate zooids—individual animals—connected by stolons. The zooids are not completely embedded in one shared fleshy mass and can grow to approximately 20 millimeters long, according to Hasegawa and Kajihara’s 2024 species description.

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Why does it look like a panda skeleton?

Living zooids of C. ossipandae are transparent. White transverse blood vessels running through the gills resemble ribs, while four black markings at the front evoke a panda face. The combination can look like a tiny panda surrounded by pale bones.

Japanese divers use the informal name gaikotsu-panda-hoya, approximately “skeleton panda ascidian.” The English nickname describes its appearance, not its biology.

The markings are visually striking, but the consulted species description and Hokkaido University release do not establish that they function as camouflage, deter predators, attract prey, or serve another ecological purpose. They are identifying features, not a proven adaptation.

What sea squirts do

Ascidians are tunicates. They draw seawater into the body through an oral siphon, filter food from the water, and expel the water through an atrial siphon. This is the general feeding pattern of sea squirts; the species description does not establish that C. ossipandae cleans reefs, removes microplastics, or has a measured environmental benefit.

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How diver photographs became a scientific discovery lead

A Kumejima diving shop introduced images of the unusual animal online around 2017. The photos became popular on social media and television while its taxonomic identity remained unknown, according to Hokkaido University.

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Tunicate researcher Naohiro Hasegawa encountered the photographs and suspected the organism might not match a known species. Images helped bring it to researchers’ attention, but could not establish its identity. In March 2021, researchers collected four colonies by hand at the Tonbara dive point off Kumejima, according to the university’s 2024 release. Hasegawa and Hiroshi Kajihara formally described the species in Species Diversity in 2024.

The story involved complementary kinds of expertise: divers and local people noticed and documented something unusual, while taxonomists tested its identity using specimens and evidence. The four-colony figure refers to the collection reported by Hokkaido University, not the total number of animals in the wild.

Where the new species was found

The type locality is off Kumejima Island in Okinawa Prefecture, in Japan’s Ryukyu Islands. The description establishes the species from Kumejima; it does not establish a broad Southeast Asian distribution, population size, or abundance.

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What convinced scientists it was a distinct species?

The researchers compared external and internal morphology with other members of Clavelina and combined those observations with mitochondrial DNA data. Hasegawa and Kajihara’s 2024 paper distinguishes the species from 44 other Clavelina species using a combination of seven characteristics:

  • the colony contains free zooids connected by stolons;
  • the zooids can reach approximately 20 millimeters in length;
  • living zooids are transparent;
  • an elongated white patch and four black anterior markings are visible;
  • the transverse vessels are white;
  • the endostyle is black; and
  • each side has two longitudinal muscular bands extending from the abdomen toward the endostyle.

The species also has 10–14 rows of pharyngeal stigmata, small openings in the filter-feeding pharynx. The formal diagnosis relies on the combined anatomical pattern, not simply whether an individual looks like a panda in a photograph.

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What did the DNA analysis show?

The study analyzed an 810-base-pair section of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from the holotype and one paratype. Hasegawa and Kajihara reported differences at 10 sites, corresponding to a 1.26% Kimura two-parameter distance; both sequences translated into the same amino-acid sequence. A phylogenetic analysis placed the specimens within Clavelina.

Evidence What it contributed
Morphology Diagnostic anatomical features distinguished the animal from other Clavelina species.
Partial COI analysis Sequences from two specimens supported their placement within Clavelina; this was not genome-wide evidence.

The result should not be described as massive genetic divergence or as DNA alone proving the species’ status. The conclusion rests on the agreement between distinctive morphology and molecular evidence. The peer-reviewed species description by Hasegawa and Kajihara appeared in Species Diversity, volume 29, issue 1, pages 53–64, and was published online on February 1, 2024.

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Want to identify marine invertebrates?

A marine invertebrates field guide can help divers recognize broad groups such as ascidians, sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Older general references may not include C. ossipandae, described only in 2024, so treat a guide as an identification aid rather than proof that every newly described species will appear in it.

Check a guide’s geographic focus and publication date before relying on it for a particular dive site; a reference focused on the Pacific coast of North America may not cover Okinawa.

What remains unknown?

A formal species description gives science a name and a defensible diagnosis. It does not automatically answer every biological question. The consulted research does not establish:

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  • the total population size or how common the species is around Kumejima;
  • its full geographic range;
  • its lifespan or reproductive season;
  • its population trend or conservation category; or
  • the ecological function of its panda-like markings.

These are open research questions, not details that can safely be borrowed from unrelated sea squirts. Taxonomic database records do not amount to a population assessment or conservation evaluation.

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If you photograph unusual marine life

An observation can be scientifically valuable even when the observer does not know the species’ name. Clear photographs can preserve details, document a location, and alert specialists to an organism that deserves closer examination.

To document unusual marine life responsibly:

  1. Photograph the animal in place; do not touch, move, or collect attached reef organisms.
  2. Record the dive site, approximate depth, date, and habitat.
  3. Take several angles when possible, and include a scale reference only if it will not disturb the animal.

If you want to improve technique rather than identify species, The Underwater Photographer, 5th edition, is a relevant underwater photography guide covering equipment, lighting, composition, and technique.

The consulted sources do not identify the camera, housing, light, or brand used by the divers whose photographs brought this animal to wider attention. The discovery should not be presented as an endorsement of specific gear.

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A photograph started the conversation; taxonomy finished the job

Clavelina ossipandae was not created by being named in 2024, and a viral photograph did not prove it was new. The animal was already living off Kumejima. Online images and local knowledge brought it to researchers’ attention; collected specimens, anatomical comparison, and COI analysis made a formal scientific description possible.

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FAQ

What is the panda-looking sea creature underwater?

It is Clavelina ossipandae, a colonial ascidian, or sea squirt. Its transparent body, white transverse blood vessels, and black markings create the skeleton-panda appearance.

Is the skeleton panda a new species?

Yes. Researchers formally described Clavelina ossipandae as a new species in 2024 after examining collected specimens and comparing their morphology and DNA evidence.

Was it discovered from a photograph?

Online diver images alerted researchers to the unidentified organism, but the photographs did not establish its identity. Researchers collected specimens near Kumejima and used anatomical comparison and partial COI analysis.

Where does Clavelina ossipandae live?

Its type locality is off Kumejima Island in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan’s Ryukyu Islands. The 2024 description does not establish that the species is widespread across Southeast Asia.

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Is it related to giant pandas?

No. “Panda” refers only to its black-and-white appearance. It is a tunicate and marine invertebrate, not a mammal.

Can divers keep or collect one?

There is no reason to collect it for casual identification. Avoid touching or disturbing attached reef organisms; photographing the animal in place and recording its location and habitat is more responsible.

The Bottom Line

Clavelina ossipandae was formally described through a chain of evidence: online diver photos created the lead, researchers collected specimens near Kumejima, and taxonomists used anatomy and partial COI analysis to support the species description. Its panda-like appearance is real; claims about its range, ecological function, abundance, and conservation status remain unestablished by the consulted research.

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