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Repair common Windows errors and clear accumulated junk for a smoother, more stable PC - no reinstall needed.Free scan · no reinstallThe Greenland shark may live for centuries, but “since 1627” is not a documented birth date. A 2016 study estimated that the largest of 28 sampled female sharks was 392 years old, with an uncertainty of plus or minus 120 years. A 2026 chromosome-level genome study has identified several possible clues to longevity, including DNA-repair and cancer-resistance patterns, but it has not established why these sharks live so long.
Was a Greenland shark really alive in 1627?
Scientists have not identified a Greenland shark known to have been born in 1627. That year is a dramatic conversion of the central estimate for one sampled animal, not a recorded birth date. The underlying 2016 analysis estimated an age of 392 years, plus or minus 120 years, for the largest of 28 female sharks. Canada’s 2025 COSEWIC assessment emphasizes that the estimate has not been validated and that its wide uncertainty does not support assigning the shark a precise birth year. COSEWIC’s 2025 status assessment
The same study estimated that Greenland sharks reach sexual maturity at 156 years, plus or minus 22 years. That, too, is an estimate rather than an observed age for a known individual. COSEWIC’s summary of the age study
How did scientists estimate the shark’s age?
Ordinary age-reading methods are difficult for Greenland sharks: they lack spines, and their vertebrae are poorly calcified. The age study instead measured radiocarbon in the nuclei of eye lenses from 28 female sharks, 81–502 cm long, caught off Greenland. The lens nucleus forms early and retains a carbon signal that can be used to estimate age. COSEWIC’s 2025 assessment
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The method still has an important limitation. The estimate depends on the history of radiocarbon in deep ocean water, including changes before and after nuclear weapons testing. COSEWIC says uncertainty in those ocean radiocarbon dynamics creates substantial uncertainty in estimated birth dates. It also notes that no viable alternative aging method is currently available. The result is a remarkable estimate, not a verified age or lifespan record for a tracked shark. COSEWIC’s 2025 assessment
What has the Greenland shark genome revealed?
A peer-reviewed paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in May 2026 reported a chromosome-level Greenland shark genome assembly measuring 5.9 gigabases (Gb), with an N50 of 233 megabases (Mb) and 96.7% completeness. An assembly is a reconstructed sequence resource; it gives researchers a foundation for studying the shark’s biology, but it is not itself an explanation of longevity. Yang and colleagues, PNAS, 2026
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The authors’ comparative analyses point to several candidate systems that may merit further study:
- DNA repair: The paper reports patterns involving DNA-repair genes. Such patterns suggest research questions; they do not show that a particular repair process causes the shark’s extreme lifespan.
- Immune function and cancer resistance: The researchers report gene-family expansion and positive-selection patterns associated with immune function and cancer resistance. These genomic signals are not proof that Greenland sharks are immune to cancer or that these features explain their longevity.
- Chromatin stability: The paper identifies distinctive amino-acid substitutions in linker histone H1.0 that are predicted to improve chromatin stability. That prediction is a proposed mechanism, not a demonstrated cause of long life.
- Ferroptosis: The authors discuss a possible connection to ferroptosis, a form of cell death, as another hypothesis for future investigation.
In other words, the genome offers leads, not a single answer or a gene for immortality. The study describes a resource and candidate mechanisms for follow-up rather than a settled account of how the species ages. Yang and colleagues, PNAS, 2026
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Why do reports give different genome sizes?
A University of Copenhagen announcement in September 2024 described a preliminary sequence of 6.5 billion base pairs and said that more than 70% of the genome consisted of repetitive or transposable elements. Those figures belong to that preliminary announcement. The later PNAS paper reports a 5.9 Gb chromosome-level assembly with its own assembly metrics and expanded analyses; the two reports should not be treated as though they describe one unchanged measurement. University of Copenhagen announcement, 2024 Yang and colleagues, PNAS, 2026
Does DNA repair explain the shark’s whole-body longevity?
Not on the evidence available. A separate 2025 Nature Communications study examined the Greenland shark’s visual system. It reported retained ERCC1 in long-lived shark species and elevated ERCC4 expression in Greenland shark retina compared with other sharks. The authors suggested that robust DNA repair could help preserve retinal integrity, while calling for more study to establish the role of the ERCC1–XPF complex. That is a narrower finding about the retina, not direct proof that DNA repair explains the shark’s lifespan across its body. Nature Communications, 2025
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Where can researchers access the genome data?
The 2026 PNAS paper says raw sequencing data and the final assembly are available through NCBI BioProject PRJNA1218902, with genome annotation available through Figshare. Data availability information
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