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Glaucoma is pressure inside the eye that can damage a cat’s optic nerve and vision. In cats, it is usually linked to another eye problem—especially inflammation inside the eye. A cloudy, red, enlarged or painful-looking eye, a poorly reactive dilated pupil, or a sudden change in vision needs immediate veterinary attention.
What glaucoma is and why it develops
Aqueous humor is the clear fluid continually produced in the front of the eye. It normally drains through an angle inside the eye. If drainage is impaired, fluid builds up and pressure rises. That pressure can damage the retina and optic nerve, threatening vision. Cornell’s College of Veterinary Medicine explains that glaucoma in cats is most often secondary to another eye condition rather than a disease arising on its own.
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Secondary glaucoma is the more common type
Uveitis—inflammation inside the eye—is a frequent cause. Inflammatory material can interfere with fluid drainage. Other possible causes include a displaced lens, an intraocular tumor, bleeding, or lens damage after trauma. Uveitis itself can have infectious or other causes, and its cause is often not identified.
Primary glaucoma is rare in cats
Primary glaucoma is associated with inherited or anatomical predisposition. Cornell identifies Burmese and Siamese cats among breeds with predisposition and describes primary disease as inevitably affecting both eyes. Secondary glaucoma may affect one or both eyes, depending on its cause.
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Symptoms to watch for
Signs can develop gradually, and a cat may not make its discomfort obvious. Look for changes in the eye or in your cat’s behavior, including:
- A cloudy or bluish-looking cornea
- Redness, tearing, or squinting
- An eye that looks enlarged or bulges, sometimes appearing larger than the other eye
- A dilated pupil that responds poorly to light
- Apparent eye pain, hiding, or reduced activity
- A change in vision or apparent blindness
These signs can have causes other than glaucoma, but they still warrant prompt veterinary assessment. Acute glaucoma can cause marked eye pain, redness, diffuse corneal cloudiness, a dilated pupil, and loss of vision. The Merck Veterinary Manual’s overview of glaucoma in animals treats acute glaucoma as an ophthalmological emergency.
When to seek emergency veterinary care
If your cat develops a suddenly cloudy, red, enlarged, or painful-looking eye, a fixed or poorly reactive dilated pupil, or a sudden vision change, contact a veterinarian immediately. Do not wait to see whether the eye improves, and do not try to treat it at home. Rapidly lowering pressure is intended to limit further damage, but vision loss may already be substantial by the time visible signs appear.
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How veterinarians diagnose glaucoma
The veterinarian will take a history and examine the eye. Tonometry measures intraocular pressure, while ophthalmoscopy helps assess structures at the back of the eye; Merck identifies both as essential diagnostic tools. Depending on the case, a veterinarian may use gonioscopy to examine the drainage angle or ultrasound-based imaging to assess eye structures and help judge prognosis. Referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist may be appropriate.
Merck reports a normal feline intraocular pressure reference of 19.7 ± 5.6 mm Hg, measured using the applanation method; the figure appears in its general glaucoma article, last updated in August 2026. This is a clinical reference value, not a home diagnostic threshold. A veterinarian must interpret pressure readings alongside the examination and other findings.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Treatment and what to expect
Treatment aims to lower pressure quickly, preserve remaining vision where possible, relieve pain, and address the underlying cause when it can be treated. The choice depends on the cause, severity, vision status, and response to treatment.
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Medication and monitoring
Veterinarians may prescribe pressure-lowering eye drops, including dorzolamide and/or timolol. When inflammation is responsible, anti-inflammatory treatment such as steroids may also be considered. The drugs and plan must be selected by a veterinarian; do not use leftover or non-prescription eye products as glaucoma treatment.
Pressure checks and medication adjustments may be needed over time. Ask the veterinarian what follow-up schedule is appropriate and what changes at home should prompt an urgent call.
Surgery and relief of ongoing pain
Surgery may be considered when glaucoma is severe or does not respond adequately to medical treatment. If an eye is permanently blind and painful, or pain cannot be controlled, removal of the eye may be recommended to relieve discomfort.
Prognosis depends on the cause and response
Glaucoma damage is not reversible, and treatment cannot guarantee that vision will be preserved. Many cats ultimately lose vision in the affected eye with medical treatment alone. Outcomes may be better when a treatable cause—such as lens displacement or controllable uveitis—is addressed. Decisions with your veterinarian should account for remaining vision, pressure control, pain relief, the treatability of the cause, ongoing monitoring, and whether specialist or surgical care is warranted.
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