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Male Elephants Coordinate Rumbles to Signal “Let’s Go”

A study of wild male elephants in Namibia documented coordinated low rumbles as groups prepared to leave a waterhole. The “barbershop quartet” analogy is vivid, but the findings show social coordination—not human-like language.

By Animalso Team 4 min read

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Wild male African elephants sometimes coordinate a sequence of low rumbles as their group prepares to leave a waterhole. The “barbershop quartet” comparison captures the calls’ turn-taking and occasional overlap; it does not mean elephants sing in human musical parts. In a 2024 study, the calls were observed among closely associated males at one waterhole in Namibia.

What does the “let’s go” call sound like?

Researchers call the sequence a “let’s go” rumble (LGR). Typically, one male begins with a rumble; some or all of his associates answer in a coordinated bout. The initiator may repeat the call over several minutes, and sometimes he and a close associate produce an overlapping duet. The bouts end as the group departs, although an elephant may occasionally return for another drink before following.

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The calls are low-frequency rumbles, not a literal spoken phrase. “Let’s go” is a useful label for the departure context, not a confirmed word-for-word translation. Stanford’s 2024 summary quotes lead author Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell describing the sequence as synchronized and ritualized, with callers coordinating in different vocal ranges: Stanford University’s account of the study.

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Where and how was the behavior studied?

The study took place at Mushara waterhole in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Researchers collected observations and recordings during June–July field seasons in 2005, 2007, 2011, and 2017. They followed known male elephants, documented behavior around departures, identified callers, and analyzed the recorded calls.

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The final analysis covered seven departure events: 48 bouts containing 122 analyzed rumbles from 19 individually known elephants. Groups averaged 4.9 males and ranged from three to eight. These were selected events with complete recordings from arrival through departure, in which males arrived and left together; events with females or other behaviorally consequential disturbances were excluded. The counts describe this analyzed sample, not how often the behavior occurs across African elephants.

For analysis, researchers treated calls occurring within two seconds of one another as a single bout. That was a practical rule suited to the long silences in male calling, not a universal biological boundary between bouts. The findings and methods appear in the peer-reviewed 2024 PeerJ study.

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Who leads the departure?

The first caller can initiate a departure sequence, but the evidence does not point to rank alone as the explanation. Of four observed initiators, social-network information was available for three; all three were highly socially integrated. Two were mid-ranking males and one was the highest-ranking male. The authors therefore suggest that a male’s social connections may matter alongside, or more than, dominance, while noting that further work is needed to compare those factors.

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The clearest individual example was male #22, described as both the most socially integrated and dominant male. When he was present in three events, he initiated the departure and was the first caller in 13 of 21 analyzed response bouts (61.9%). This is a result for those observed events, not a general rate for male elephants.

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Do the other elephants agree to leave?

Multiple group members joined the calling sequence, and the researchers found no significant difference between the length of the pre-departure period and the departure period across the events studied. In three of the seven events, the departure period was longer than the preceding period. The authors interpret group participation as consistent with consensus about when to leave, rather than one leader simply determining the timing.

That interpretation should not be mistaken for proof that every elephant expressed a preference or that the group held a vote. The observations show coordinated departure behavior in these groups. The calls occurred among closely associated males and were much rarer between looser associates, pointing to a behavior tied to social relationships rather than a random gathering at the waterhole.

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Does this mean elephants have language?

No. The study documents coordinated calls and social behavior, but it does not demonstrate human-like language, grammar, or a fixed translation for the rumble. O’Connell-Rodwell has speculated in Stanford’s summary that the call might function like a “verb” and discussed a possible connection to elephant name-like calls. Those are interpretations and hypotheses, not findings established by this departure study.

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She also proposed that males may have learned the ritual as juveniles in family groups. The study did not test that idea. Its evidence is about adult male associates coordinating vocalizations around departures.

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What the finding does—and does not—show

  • Observed: Wild male African elephants at a Namibian waterhole used coordinated rumbles during group departures.
  • Supported by this sample: Closely associated males participated, and socially integrated individuals initiated the observed sequences.
  • Not established: How common the behavior is across populations, what benefits it provides, or whether the same pattern applies to other male groups.

The small set of selected events from one site limits broader conclusions. The authors identify open questions about the benefits of the bouts, how vocal influence and coordination work, and what conditions prompt the behavior in other populations.

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African elephantsanimal behaviorAnimal Scienceelephantswildlife communication

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